Zika virus can affect brain development in young animals

Washington: With the help of an animal model (pigs), a recent study showed that mild Zika virus infection in foetuses can lead to abnormal brain development in healthy young animals.

The study, published in -- PLOS Pathogens -- provides new insights into the potential outcomes of Zika virus infection and could point to new prevention and treatment strategies to alleviate the long-term effects of Zika virus infection.

Spread by the bite of an infected Aedes species mosquito, Zika infection of pregnant mothers can lead to death and decreased brain size (microcephaly) in foetuses, leading to life-long developmental and cognitive impairment.

However, there is growing concern that sub-clinical infections (showing no symptoms) in pregnant mothers can result in brain disorders and delayed neurodevelopmental abnormalities in offspring after birth.

Using the pig as a model, new research at USask's Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organisation-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac) has provided direct evidence to support this concern.

"We have demonstrated in a relevant animal model that mild infection in foetuses results in abnormal brain development and impaired immunity in young pigs," said VIDO-InterVac Director Dr. Volker Gerdts who also participated in the study.

Some of the affected offspring also showed altered behaviour during stress.

"For the first time, we have shown that mild fatal infection can lead to sex-specific brain disease in offspring: male piglets showed more molecular brain abnormalities than female piglets," said Dr Uladzimir Karniychuk, senior author of the study, who with colleagues developed the novel animal model.

"We are now able to better understand the disease in foetuses and how it affects health in offspring," added Karniychuk.

In 2016, the World Health Organisation declared the Zika virus a public health emergency. While this emergency declaration has been lifted, Zika infection remains a public health concern.

There is currently no approved vaccine or therapy available to combat the infection.

Karniychuk said the next step is to develop an animal model for the study of how to treat and cure infections such as the Zika virus in utero.

There are currently no in utero therapies for congenital viral infections. Earlier this year, Karniychuk was awarded $250,000 over two years by the federal New Frontiers in Research Fund to undertake this work aimed at reducing the long-term consequences of abnormalities in developing foetuses and the treatment required after birth.

For almost 45 years, VIDO-InterVac has used large animal models to help understand how pathogens cause disease.

"This is another example of how models can improve our understanding of the health consequences of infection, and aid in the development of policy and medical interventions to reduce the long-term impact of infectious diseases," said Gerdts.